The lower it is, the more exothermic the reaction will be. As in part (b), the bond energy is a positive energy.

This would make the reaction more exothermic, as a smaller positive value is “more exothermic.” A lower ionization energy is a lower positive energy in the Born-Haber cycle.Since the lattice energy is negative in the Born-Haber cycle, this would lead to a more exothermic reaction. The smaller the radius of the cation, the shorter the interionic distance and the greater the lattice energy would be.Recall that the more negative the overall value, the more exothermic the reaction is. In each case, think about how it would affect the Born-Haber cycle. The answer is (d), which requires about 740 kJ/mol.ģ. U may be calculated from the Born-Haber cycle. The lattice energy, U, is the energy required to convert the solid into separate ions. We begin with the elements in their most common states, Cs( s) and F 2( g). The Born-Haber cycle shows the relative energies of each step involved in the formation of an ionic solid from the necessary elements in their reference states. The Born-Haber Cycle is essentially Hess's Law applied to an ionic solid.Figure 2. Hess's Law states that the overall change in energy of a process can be determined by breaking the process down into steps, then adding the changes in energy of each step.This may be positive or negative, depending on the atoms involved and how they interact. The heat of formation is the change in energy when forming a compound from its elements.It may also be referred to as the energy of atomization. This is an input of energy, and thus has a positive value.

Sublimation energy is the energy required to cause a change of phase from solid to gas, bypassing the liquid phase.

The magnitude of the dissociation energy depends on the electronegativity of the atoms involved. Therefore, the change in energy is always positive. The dissociation of a compound is always an endothermic process, meaning it will always require an input of energy.

Dissociation energy is the energy required to break apart a compound.

In general, electron affinity increases from left to right across the periodic table and decreases from top to bottom. Therefore, when used in calculating the lattice energy, we must remember to subtract the electron affinity, not add it. Usually, energy released would have a negative value, but due to the definition of electron affinity, it is written as a positive value in most tables.

Electron Affinity is the energy released when an electron is added to a neutral atom or an ion.

There are some excepts, usually due to the stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals. In general, ionization energy increases across the periodic table from left to right, and decreases from top to bottom. This process always requires an input of energy, and thus will always have a positive value.

Ionization Energy is the energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom or an ion.

There are several important concept to understand before the Born-Haber Cycle can be applied to determine the lattice energy of an ionic solid ionization energy, electron affinity, dissociation energy, sublimation energy, heat of formation, and Hess's Law. Some require such high temperatures that they decompose before they can reach a melting and/or boiling point. It is this that causes ionic solids to have such high melting and boiling points. A lot of energy is released as the oppositely charged ions interact.

However, the crystalline structure allows each ion to interact with multiple oppositely charge ions, which causes a highly favorable change in the enthalpy of the system. Some might expect such an ordered structure to be less stable because the entropy of the system would be low. Lattice Energy is used to explain the stability of ionic solids. Its values are usually expressed with the units kJ/mol. As implied in the definition, this process will always be exothermic, and thus the value for lattice energy will be negative. The other definition says that lattice energy is the reverse process, meaning it is the energy released when gaseous ions bind to form an ionic solid. This definition causes the value for the lattice energy to always be positive, since this will always be an endothermic reaction. In one definition, the lattice energy is the energy required to break apart an ionic solid and convert its component atoms into gaseous ions. Lattice Energy is a type of potential energy that may be defined in two ways.

Lattice energy equation ke